| Participants |
Duration |
Association with moderate consumption* |
| Kaiser Permanente cohort: 123,840 men and women aged
30+ |
10 years |
40%
reduction in fatal myocardial infarction, 20% reduction in cardiovascular
mortality; 80% increase in fatal hemorrhagic stroke |
| Nurses' Health Study: 85,709 female nurses aged 34-59 |
12 years |
17%
lower risk of all-cause mortality; an earlier report showed
a 40% reduction in risk of CHD and 70% reduction
in risk of ischemic stroke |
| Physicians' Health Study: 22,071 male physicians aged
40-84 |
11 years |
30-35%
reduced risk of angina and myocardial infarction, 20-30% reduced
risk of cardiovascular death |
| American Cancer Society cohort: 489,626 men and women
aged 30-104 |
9 years |
30-40%
reduced risk of cardiovascular death |
| Eastern France cohort: 34,014 men and women |
10-15 years |
25-30%
reduced risk of cardiovascular death |
| Health Professionals Follow-up Study: 38,077 male health
professionals aged 40-75 |
12 years |
35%
reduced risk of myocardial infarction |