I. Introduction: What is Democracy?

	A. Greeks invented "democracy"   1. demos=people   2. kratia=rule 3. democracy="rule by the people" 4. Aristotle: "ruling and being ruled" or "self-rule" 5. But how do the people rule?
	B. Background Conditions   1. Civil liberties 2. Limited inequality of resources 3. Not the essence of "democracy"
	C. "Direct" vs. "Representative" Democracy
	D. Four Visions of Democracy (not exhaustive)   1. Plebescitary   2. Classical/Participatory   3. Pluralist   4. Trusteeship
	E. Two Questions   1. The normative question: Is this a good vision of democracy? 2. The empirical question: Is this the way things work in the United States?
	What is Locke's vision of democracy?

II. The Plebescitary Vision

	On public policy questions the opinion of the majority of the public should prevail.
	Locke seems to assume that majority rule=democracy. Why?
	A. How could it work?   1. The Qube System/government by poll   2. The internet?   3. Initiative, Referendum, Recall 4. Power of public opinion in representative democracies
	Why does Tocqueville find majority rule so troubling?
	B. Advantages   1. Maximizes self-determination and utility 2. Decisive--simple rule for making decisions 3.More likely to be correct?
	C. Problems   1. Tyranny, abuse of minorities   2. Lack of deliberation   3. Intensity unmeasured
	D. Does American government work this way?   1. Prominence of polling   2. Politicians and "the people"   3. Initiative and referendum   4. Constitution is non-majoritarian   5. Non-majoritarian outcomes: school prayer, gun control

III. Classical/Participatory Vision of Democracy

	Citizens should decide matters of public policy through direct participation in government.
	A. How Could it Work?   1. Ancient Greek democracies   2. "Government" is all citizens   3. Government by lottery
	B. Advantages   1. Participation makes you a better person: a. Knowledge of diverse society b. Appreciation of tragic choices c. Teaches how to disagree without being disagreeable d. Teaches how to compromise without being compromised   2. Deliberation about the common good   3. Each citizen is "fully free"(?)--a better method of reconciling personal and collective
	C. Problems 1. time-consuming 2. elitist 3.Impossible on large scale? 4. Assumes a common good (?)
	D. Does American government work this way?   1. Mostly government by professionals 2. Town meetings/amateur local government 3. Organizations: Wellesley College, Lake House   4. Juries

IV. The Pluralist Vision of Democracy

	(The Interest Group Theory)
	Public policy questions should be decided through negotiation and bargaining among the affected interest groups.
	A. How does it work?   1. Diverse interests are allowed to organize   2. Freedom of speech/association   3. Groups negotiate and bargain with government officials
	B. Advantages   1. Intensity measured (gun control, school prayer) 2. Thoughtful, effective participation 3. Allows for diverse, large republic 4. Doesn't assume common good
	C. Problems 1. Not all interests organized 2. Inequality of resources among groups 3. Neglect of common good ("factions" or "special-interests?")
	D. Does American government work this way? 1. Fully compatible with representative government 2. Freedom of association/speech generally protected 3. Proliferation of interest groups 4. Not all interests represented: E.E. Schattschneider: "The flaw in the pluralist heaven is that the angelic chorus sings with an upper class accent."

V. Democracy as Trusteeship

	Public policy decisions should be made by elected representatives chosen by the people.
	A. How does it work?   1. Free and fair elections 2. Government officials use their own judgment on public policy (instead of deferring to public opinion or the affected interest groups)
	What does Burke say in its favor?
	B. Advantages   1. Wisdom 2. Deliberation
	C. Problems   1. Is it really democratic? (Lack of participation) 2. Corruption/private interest
	D. Does American government work this way?   1. Legislatures and executives strongly influenced by interest groups, public opinion 2. Bureaucracies and courts influenced more indirectly 3. Government officials often decide the details

VI. Conclusion: Competing Visions